That’s the question at the heart of the Orthodox debate over Israeli sovereignty over the Temple Mount, as Mati Wagner explains in a powerful piece in today’s JPost:
[Rabbi Nahum Rabinovitch:] “Obviously we would ensure freedom of religious expression for Muslims. But Jews should also be allowed to pray on the Temple Mount as well, and if thousands of Jews were to demand to go up there there would be no way of stopping them.”

Part of the debate centers on whether the great Maimonides himself tread on the Temple Mount when visiting Jerusalem in 1165.
Rabinovitch, along with other rabbis such as former chief Sephardi Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu and Haifa Chief Rabbi She’ar Yeshuv Kohen, recommends building a synagogue on the Temple Mount as a place of prayer for Jews.
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In contrast, haredi rabbis are vigorously opposed to going up to the Temple Mount….
“Jewish law, not the Arab world, determines when Jews can go up to the Temple Mount and when they cannot,” said [Rabbi Shmuel] Rabinovitz.
“The reason we are not allowed to go up is because the Temple Mount is our Holy of Holies and we have not merited being able to purify ourselves as we need to. We hope to go up there. But the time has not yet come.”
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“Those who go up to the Temple today and call themselves religious might be religious, but their religion is not Judaism,” added [Rabbi Aharon Moshe] Levin.
“Their religion is the warped, nationalisitic faith in the IDF’s might and in the god of warfare and bloodshed. The goal of their actions is to incite and to cause trouble. Our rabbis have already taught us that someone who rejects even one commandment for ideological reasons is considered an apostate.”
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Religious Zionists tend to see the creation of the State of Israel in religious terms, as part of a larger process of redemption that has already begun. Ensuring a Jewish presence on the Temple Mount is a sign of Jews’ appreciation for the incredible miracle of modern Jewish sovereignty and preparation for a future redemption that will undoubtedly include a rebuilt Temple.
In contrast, the haredi theological perspective is that the Jewish people are still deep in spiritual exile and the present physical reality of a Jewish state does not change the ruptured cosmic state of being out of God’s favor. Being distanced from our most holy place of worship is an appropriate expression of that spiritual exile.
If Israel is the beginning of the redemption of the world, then there is something galling in denying Israeli sovereignty over the Holy of Holies. If it is not, then unredeemed Jews in an unredeemed world should not pretend to be redeemed.
Another thought: When there is peace, can Jews and Muslims not share the site, with a synagogue alongside the mosque? Why not?